Color visual display

ABSTRACT

A projection visual display system utilizes at least one laser output line in the blue portion of the spectrum together with a phosphor coating which emits at least one additional color. Means for selectively reflecting laser light on the one hand and absorbing it within the phosphor so as to produce phosphor emission on the other hand are described.

i riiie totes tent Pinnow et a1.

[ 51 Mar. 28, 1972 (COLOR VISUAL DISPLAY Inventors: Douglas Arthur Plnnow, Berkeley Heights; Le Grand Gerard Van Uitert, Morris Township, Morris County, both of NJ.

Bell Telephone Laboratories Incorporated, Murray Hill, NJ.

Filed: Jan. 23, 1970 Appl. No.3 5,324

Assignee:

Related US. Application Data Continuation-impart of Ser. No. 827,624, May 26, 1969, abandoned.

US. Cl ..332/7.51, 252/301.4, 250/199 lint. Cl ..ll01s 3/10 llieldl of Search ..332/7.51; 252/301.4; 250/199;

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,541,542 11/1970 Duguay et a1 ..340/324 3,453,604 7/1969 Geusic et a1. ..330/4.3 3,341,825 9/1967 Schrieffer..... ....3l0/103 3,524,011 8/1970 Korpel ..178/5.4 3,322,682 5/1967 Thompson ..252/301.4 3,513,346 5/1970 Awazu et a1.. ....3l3/108 3,488,503 1/1970 Reich et a1 ..250/199 FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 1,564,271 4/1969 France ..252/301.4

Primary ExaminerRodney D. Bennett, Jr. Assistant Examiner-N. Moskowitz AttorneyR. J. Guenther and Edwin E, Cave [57] ABSTRACT A projection visual display system utilizes at least one laser output line in the blue portion of the spectrum together with a phosphor coating which emits at least one additional color. Means for selectively reflecting laser light on the one hand and absorbing it within the phosphor so as to produce phosphor emission on the other hand are described.

21 Claims, 7 Drawing Figures GREEN L SCREEN PATENTEUIIIR28 I912 3.652.956

SHEET 1 OF 3 FIG.

DEFLECTION SYSTEM l8 I POLARIZATION I3 MODL|JlATOR OEPENOENT PRIsM I5 QUARTER WM 28 FIG PLATE 29 RED 26 E E lGREEN 7 l I I u A 22 MODU/LATOR D Ff BLUE. 27

24 SYSTEM 25 GREEN scREEN FIG. 4 If 3+5 5100 Eu [)0 5 Eu ABSORPTION 5o 2 E d O (I 5 00 6000 7000 WAVELENGTH IN A QAP/NNOW WVZNTOPS L. a. VAN U/TERT SHEET 2 [IF 3 FIG. 7

PATENTEDMAR28 r972 SHEET 3 OF 3 LASER 30 DEF LECTION SYSTEM 34 SCR E E N 39 R ED BLUE-GREEN DEFLECTION SYSTEM 35 LASER 3| FIG. 6

THREE MIRROR 47 DIRECTIONAL DEFLECTOR 43 SCREEN O 40 45 OBSERVER Jaw 52 j DEFLECTION 4e 53 SYSTEM 4| M|RROR 4 CYLINDRICAI.

LENS ARRAY 49 COLOR VISUAL DISPLAY RELATED U.S. APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part of US. application Ser. No. 827,624 filed May 26, 1969.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION l. Field of the Invention The invention is concerned with projection systems for visual color displays.

2. Description of the Prior Art The relevant prior art is described in IEEE Spectrum for Dec. 1968 at page 39. In this review article, it is noted that the promise of producing a cathode ray tube type of display with essentially unlimited screen size accounts for much of the current interest in laser displays..." The article then goes on to note that, while adequate modulation and scanning techniques are presently available, development awaits an adequate three-color source.

Probably the most promising color laser display system utilizes the blue (4,880 A.) and the green (5,145 A.) lines of the argon-ion laser. Means are available for effectively Q- switching these two emission wavelengths selectively, and presently available lasers operate at sufficiently high power levels to provide the brightness required for group viewing of projected images produced by reflection.

As also noted in the article, the obvious lacking in such a system is the absence of red emission. It is noted that an attempt has been made to provide red emission by use of a separate helium-neon laser operating at 6,328 A. Unfortunately, the reduced sensitivity of the eye to this long wavelength emission near the edge of the visible spectrum coupled with the comparatively low power levels available from this type of laser are such that the apparent brightness of the red is insufficient.

Another approach has involved the red emission line of the Krypton-ion laser at 6,471 A. This wavelength is still longer than that of the red emission line of the helium-neon laser where the eye is even less sensitive. Efficiencies to date are low and, in consequence, this approach has not been completely satisfactory.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A laser projection system utilizes a coherent light source and a light screen contributing at least two colors of light under the stimulus of the source. The screen includes a phosphor/s which may emit at least two colors or, alternatively, at least one color may be provided by reflection with at least a second being supplied by the phosphor. An exemplary three-color laser projection visual display system utilizes the 4,880 A. and 5,145 A. argon laser lines together with the red emission of a phosphor coating which is energized by 4,880 A., 4,145 A. or other argon laser irradiation. In this system and in most preferred embodiments, the phosphor depends for its operation on incorporation of active materials that fluoresce in the red. These may be dyes such as Rhodamine B or pigments made therefrom, inorganic compounds such as Zn Cd activated by Cu, or NaTb Eu W lI that is sensitized by Tb and activated by Eu. In certain instances, Eu- Eu transfer may also be used. In the exemplary embodiment, absorption of 4,880 A. radiation is accomplished by Tb and energy is transferred to the closely coupled Eu ion. Emission includes a strong peak near 6,100 A. together with contributions at about 5,900 A. and at longer wavelengths.

Selection as between emission to be reflected and that to be absorbed by the phosphor may be accomplished in different ways. One arrangement depends on selective deflection to specific phosphoncoated areas. Another depends upon selective passage and/or reflection of a particular polarization sense.

Appropriate phosphor compositions are described in the Detailed Description." Exemplary materials are given above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. I is a perspective view of a portion of a system in accordance with the invention providing for a particular type of selective Q-switching to vary the two prominent emission wavelengths of, for example, an argon-ion laser;

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of a system in accordance with the invention including a detailed view showing a method of selection between energizing emission for producing phosphor secondary emission and emission to be reflected;

FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic figure of an invention system showing an alternative mechanism for performing the function of the apparatus of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4, on ordinate units of relative absorption and emission intensity, and abscissa units of wavelength in angstrom units, is a plot depicting the relevant portions of the absorption and emission spectra of a phosphor suitable for red emission in ac cordance with the invention;

FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic view of an alternate system which uses two similar laser sources, one of which selectively illuminates a red emitting phosphor;

FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic view of another alternate system which uses two different phosphors, one emitting green, the other emitting red; and

FIG. 7 is a CIE chromaticity diagram showing the coordinates of several particularly useful phosphor emissions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION 1. Drawing Referring again to FIG. 1, the device depicted is a cavity consisting of totally reflecting, flat mirror 1 and partially transmitting, curved mirror 2. The cavity contains a laser tube 3, for example, argon-ion, which, as discussed, has two predominant emission lines, the first at 4,880 A. and the second at 5,145 A. Selective Q-switching is accomplished by means of acousto-optic Bragg deflector element 4 which is provided with two separate transducers 5 and 6. These transducers, powered by means not shown, may, for example, be piezoelectric or magnetostrictive elements. The two transducers, 5 and 6, are biased with r.f. energy at such frequencies as to result in the launching of elastic waves, the first of which transducer 5 produces difi'raction primarily of the 5,145 A. green emission while the second, element 6, is driven at such frequency as to result in the launching of an elastic wave which interacts primarily with the 4,880 A. blue emission. The transducers 5 and 6 are so spaced physically that the resulting elastic waves follow substantially independent paths through element 4. Since the amount of either beam diffracted is proportional to the amplitude of the related elastic wave, varying amounts of either beam may be independently scattered out of the laser cavity so producing an effective loss for the concerned emission and thereby decreasing its intensity.

FIG. I, like the other included figures, is illustrative only. The argon laser 3 and the acousto-optic Bragg deflector 4 are both so arranged as to present Brewster's angle faces to the laser beams. Losses are further reduced when Bragg deflectors are included in a single body of appropriate material (such as alpha-iodic acid or lead molybdate). Alternative arrangements may make use of separate deflectors or may utilize a deflector which is itself mirrored at the surface furthest removed from the laser tube so as to serve the function of mirror 1.

FIG. 2 depicts a possible arrangement for that portion of the system following a laser cavity such as that of FIG. I. This arrangement is representative of a particular system for separating the laser beam into its two functional portions. The first of these portions 17 is directly reflected at its original wavelength and so makes a blue and/or green contribution to the image. The second portion 16 is, at least in part, absorbed by the phosphor material so as to result in secondary red emission.

The arrangement depicted in FIG. 2 makes use of a projection screen 10 which is selectively coated with phosphor material at regions ll 11. For the arrangement described, regions ll. may define a series of equidistant horizontal bands. in an optimum system, the interval between bands l l is equal to the width or" a resolvable line characteristic of a particular deflection system. in an illustration which treats only the 4,880 A. beam 12, the phosphor is not energized by 5,145 A. light. As depicted, the polarization state of beam 12 is such that the E vector 113 is vertical (this polarization sense may result from the presence of Brewsters faces within the laser cavity). Beam i2 is first passed through a modulator lid, for example, an electro-optic modulator of LiTaO or lBa NaNb Q provided with electrodes and energizing source not shown to produce extreme 90 rotation or intermediate elliptical polarization. Passage through calcite or other polarization-dependent prism 15 results in exiting beams lo and 117, relative positions and in tensities of which depend on the magnitude of the relative phase shift of the ordinary and extraordinary rays produced by modulator l4. Beams lo and 317 then pass through a deflection system 18 designed to scan screen 10 with beams 16 and K7 in such sequence and over such area as is required. Deflection system lit may, for example, consist of two separate orthogonal acoustically driven Bragg difiraction elements or may depend upon mechanical scanning as by the use of rotating mirrors. The order of the elements is not significant and, in the alternate arrangement, the light beam 12 passes through the deflection system 18 before passing through the polarization-dependent prism 15.

in the system shown, the deflection system is so arranged as to result in a series of regularly spaced horizontal raster lines such as are utilized in commercial television. The effect of the calcite prism 15 (or other polarization sensitive deflection means) is to split each raster line into two parallel lines each corresponding with one of the two orthogonal polarizations of the beam (beams to and 17). The stripping B11 is such that one of the two split beams, for example, that having a vertical E vector (beam 16), is deflected so as to be in registry with a strip. This portion of the radiation is converted to red by the phosphor. The other polarization (E vector horizontal-beam l7 is emitted from the prism l displaced so as to be made incident on the screen on an interband interval (an uncoated portion). This portion of the radiation is reflected without change in frequency and so makes its own contribution to the image. Since electro-optic modulator M is so designed as to transmit either polarization or any mixture of the two polarizations, the relative amounts of red light to blue or green emitted from the screen may be varied over a complete range.

The fact that all real materials, for example, of which elements l4 and 315 as well as those of system lib are composed, are dispersive (so producing somewhat different effects on the two laser wavelengths) results in a minor complication which requires correction. All such minor corrections may be accomplished by means of suitable circuitry associated with, for example, the selective Q-switching apparatus shown in FIG. ll.

The arrangement of FIG. 2 has the drawback of requiring critical alignment of the screen relative to the rest of the system. The arrangement discussed in terms of the same laser source and shown in FlG. 3 overcomes this problem. in accordance with this arrangement, beam 20, composed of 4,880 A. portion 211 and 5,145 A. portion 22 having a polarization represented as having its electric vector 23 vertical, is passed through modulator 24 which is provided with electrodes and energizing source, not shown, to produce a polarization shift in accordance with a video signal. A deflection system 25 again serves to produce a raster or to otherwise scan the desired portion of screen an. in this modification, the entirety of screen 26 is coated with phosphor 2'7 which is energized by selectively polarized radiation to produce red emission. Separation of that portion of the light to be reflected and that portion to be converted is, again, based on polarization sense.

This separation is accomplished by polarizing element 28 which may be a layer of liquid crystals. Such arrangement permits the transmission of one polarization and the reflection of the other. Similarly, such crystals in a solidified plastic matrix or oriented sheets of tourmaline or similar polarizing crystals or even commercial polaroid may be used.

The preferred form of polarizing element 20 is an oriented layer of cholesteric liquid crystals or similar material which is not dichroic, as are tourmaline and polaroid. Such liquid crystals are known to scatter rather than primarily absorb (dichroisrn) the untransmitted polarization as discussed by G. W. Gray Molecular Structure and the Properties of Liquid Crystals, (Academic Prom, New York, 1962) pp. 47 and 48. Since these liquid crystals selectively scatter circularly rather than linearly polarized light, it is necessary to add a quarter wave plate 29 to the optical system. This plate simply converts vertically polarized incident light into left circularly polarized light, and horizontally polarized incident light into right circularly polarized light. The liquid crystals are termed laevo-rotatory or dextro-rotatory depending on whether they selectively scatter left or right circularly polarized light. Both forms are known to exist. Because these liquid crystals have been found to efliciently scatter only a very narrow range of optical wavelengths (which may be varied by modifying their structure), it may be desirable to make element 253 out of two adjacent liquid crystal layers having structures that will optimize the selective polarization scattering at each of the two incident laser wavelengths (e.g. 4,880 A. and 5,145 A. for the argon laser).

The transmitter portion is the only part of the incident radiation striking phosphor layer 27 and it alone, therefore, results in red emission. in the illustration, blue beam 21 is shown broken up into reflected blue beam 21A and as a tran mitted beam resulting in red beam MB. The green beam 22 is also phase shifted so as to result in split portions, one beam transmitted through and the other reflected by layer 28 producing effects similar to those described for the blue beam in most instances. However, when Tb sensitized-Eu activated phosphors are used, both portions make a green contribution since this wavelength does not then significantly excite the phosphor layer 27 (see PlG. 4).

FIG. 4 depicts a typical absorption and emission specmnn for the Th -Eu phosphor indicated above. Ordinate units are in terms of relative intensity while abscissa units are wavelengths in angstrom units. There exists a fortunate match between the 4,880 A. emission of the argon-ion laser and the absorption of the D manifold of Tb. lFor sufficiently high terbium concentration, there is efficient transfer to Eu. Transfer is initially to a D, manifold of Eu and thence to the D,, manifold also by radiationless transitions. The dominant europium radiation from this level is to the P manifold and is over a wavelength range peaking at about 6,140 A. Suitable compositions are discussed in the section which follows.

lFlG. 5 shows a display system which uses two lasers, 30 and 33., both of which are similar to the one shown in detail in FlG. l. The outputs, beams 32 and 33, of these lasers are separately modulated by means such as discussed above and shown in MG. ll. Beam 32 consists of modulated blue-green light which is deflected by element 34. The output of this deflector is beam 36 which is incident on a corrugated viewing screen Ell only in regions where it can be directly scattered. Beam 33 is also blue-green but it is modulated with red signal informa tion. After deflection by 35, it emerges as beam 37' and is incident upon screen 30 only in regions where there is a phosphor 39 that converts it into a red color. The angles at which beams 36 and 37 are incident upon the screen are chosen to insure that the shadow of the corrugated surface effectively masks the red phosphor 39 from beam 36 while permitting all of beam 37 to fall upon this phosphor.

The arrangement in FIG. 5 is useful when more than one laser is necessary to provide the desired level of screen illumination. if this illumination can be providedwith a single laser, the arrangement shown in PEG. 6 can be used to advantage since only one beam scanning deflector dl is necessary. in this arrangement, beam 40 is a blue output of a laser, such as the 4,416 A. line of a cadmium laser. The intensity of this beam can be modulated by an acousto-optic device located within the laser cavity similar to that shown in H6. 1 or by some external means. Beam d ll is then scanned by a deflection system whose output is beam d2. This beam is then split into three distinct outputs Ml, l5, and as traveling in different directions by deflector d3. The relative intensities of these three outputs are varied in accordance with the desired intensities of the blue, green, and red primaries. The splitting can be accomplished either acousto-opticaily or electro-optically. Mirrors 47 and db are used to redirect beams 4 and as to converge with beam 45 at the viewing screen 5b. This screen is covered with an array of transparent cylindrical lenses 49 which serve to focus beam 44 only to a stripe coated with blue-to-green converting phosphor fill, beam 45 to a stripe of blue-to-red converting phosphor 52, and beam do to a stripe 53 which directly scatters the blue beam. 7

Alternatively, stripe 53 may be a phosphor which converts the coherent blue beam into an incoherent blue color which eliminates specltle associated with direct scattering. Screen 50 can be viewed from a baclolighted position as shown in FIG. 6. The advantage of this system over the one shown in FIG. 2 is that color registration does not depend on critical alignment of the projection system with respect to the screen. The only critical alignment necessary is that of the cylindrical lenses relative to the phosphor stripes. This can be permanently established during screen fabrication.

H6. '7 is the internationally accepted CE chromaticity diagram (see Applied Optics, A Guide to Modern Gptical System Design" Ch. 1 by L. Levi (l. Wiley & Sons, 1968) which can be used as a guide in assessing the color quality of a display system. in this diagram, the saturated (monochromatic) colors are located on the perimeter of the horseshoe-shaped plot, while colors of decreasing saturation approach illuminant C which is a white color equivalent to average daylight illumination. Every real color, regardless of its spectral complexity, can be represented by a single point on or within this plot. A straight line connecting any two points (primaries) represents the locus of possible colors that can be achieved by blending them in varying proportions. Similarly, the gamut of colors possible by the combination of more than two primaries are those which fall within the polygon determined by straight lines which connect adjacent primaries. As an example, the dotted triangle encloses the color gamut of a shadow mask color CRT. For comparison, there are shown the major cadmium and argon laser lines at 4,4l6 A, 4,880 A., and 5,145 A. as well as the emissions of the YAGzCe phosphor and the three organic dye phosphors designated 3,485 which is related to 4-amino, l, fi-napthal porenylimide and 3,483 and 3,484 which are Rhodarnine based pigments. The arrow on the 3,485 dye omission shows the effect of adding phthalocyanine toner, which selectively absorbs the longer wavelength yellow and red portion of the emission to produce a more vivid green. it can be seen that the combination of light from either of these blue laser sources and emission from the 3,483 and 3,485 phosphors results in a color gamut similar to that of the color CRT.

A black and white display can be achieved by scanning a monochromatic laser beam on a viewing screen that is coated with an appropriate blend of phosphors and direct scattering materials such as powdered MgO or talc. For example, a combination of scattered light from a blue argon-ion laser beam (4,880 A.) and blue to red converted light from either Rhodamine dye phosphors 3,483 or 3,484 can produce a white appearance since a straight line connecting these primaries on the chromaticity diagram passes very near to illuminant C.

A combination of more than two primaries can also be used to produce white. As an example, a Cd-l-ie laser beam which illuminates a correctly proportioned mixture of MgO and dye phosphors 3,484 and 3,485 can be used to achieve a white appearance. Alternatively, the Mg() may be replaced by material containing pyrelene (a blue-to-blue converting phosphor to completely eliminate speckle).

Regardless of how many phosphors are used, it is apparent from the chromaticity diagram that a necessary condition for achieving a true white is that the illuminating laser beam have a wavelength of approximately 4,950 A. or shorter. Otherwise it would be impossible to include illuminant C within a polygon whose primaries are the source and any combination of longer wavelengths that can be achieved by conversion. Fortunately, sources such as the argon-ion laser satisfy this necessary condition.

2. Phosphor Composition Phosphor compositions suitable for the purpose of the invention must fluorescc in the long wavelength portion of the visible spectrum. These include dyes; pigments made from dyes, for example, by adsorption of the dispersed dye on colloidal particles; inorganic phosphors such as Zn Cd ,,S:Cu; and phosphors that are activatedby Eu, Sm e] in certain instances Er or Pr. The dyes that are of interest include RhodamineB, Rhodamine-fiG, Magdala red, or naphthalene red, safi'anine and methylene blue. The properties of such compounds are described in the Merl: index by E. G. Bobalek in Organic Protective Comings, edited by William Von Fisher and E. G. Bobalek, Rheinhold Publishing Co. (1953) and in Fluorescence and przosphorescence by P. Pringslteirn, lnterscience (1949) as well as in Trade Catalogs of Aldrich Chemical Company, Allied Chemical Company and other chemical houses. The inorganic phosphors that are of interest include the (Zn. Cd. Sr) (S. SelztCu. Ag. Mn) and M g Ti M n systems described in lntruduclion to flu Luminescence of Solids" by H. Leverenz, Wilty (1950) and Tb segs itizpd llr l activated tungstates and molyhdates described by L. G. Van Uitert and R. R. Soden, Journal of/lpplied Physics, Vol. 36, pp. 1289-1293 (1962) as well as similar phosphates, borates, alurninates, gallates, indates, silicates and germanates.

A broad range of inclusion of Tb and Eu elements is in terms of A-sites where A-sites are defined as the sites in which rare earth ions may be accommodated. In these terms, terbium concentration may range from 5 percent to about 99.9 percent occupancy of such sites while from 0.1 to 50 percent of the same sites are occupied by europium. The lower limits are occasioned by the observation that lesser amounts of either ion result in a red intensity which is considered inadequate for most purposes. The maxima result from the observation that exceeding either the value for Tb or Eu results in little further enhancement in intensity. In the instance of enropium, large amounts may result in some concentration quenching for certain structures. in other terms, it is convenient to express the range of terbium europiurn as the ion percent of IR ions in the composition. R ions are defined as Tb, Eu, Bi, La, Ce, Gd, Lu, Y, In, and So. While most phosphors utilized for these purposes are oxidic, other anions may be present. Examples are the halides, F, Cl, Br, I and the chalcogenides, S, Se, Te.

The preferred class of Tb-Eu phosphor materials is of the form M ,R M*O where M is W or Mo, M is Li or Na, R is as above defined and where x is from zero to 0.5. Exemplary materials within this class are Li ;,Tb Eu V\ O, and Gd Tb Eu MoO, and a broader class of appropriate compositions may be represented by the compounds M R nu m 121 1 r 4i as o 3 5 l2 and RM O where M is W or Mo, M is Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and M is Al or Ga. Still a broader class may be defined as includ ing the additional compounds RMO,,, R M Q M R M fl R M O M RO R2 R02, R 02 R 0 RgOgQ and R Q Substitutions of R ions into M Q and l /Q may be utilized. in all of the above, the R ions are as defined and the additional cations are as set forth M is W, Mo, S, Se, Te; M fis Nb, Ta, V, P, As, Sb; l\ l is Si, Ge, Ti, Zr, Hf, Sn; M"*is 18, A1, Ga, Sc, In, Bi; M is Pb, Ba, Sr, Ca, Cd; M is Li, Na, it, Rb, Cs, T1, and Q is S, Se, Te. Z is IF, Cl, Br or i.

What is claimed is:

1. Visual display including at least one source of coherent electromagnetic radiation emitting at least one wavelength, a

screen provided with means for emitting at least two difierent visible wavelengths of light, means for displacing emission from a said incident source so as to mdte its output incident upon different portions of the said screen, and means for altering the relative amounts of the said two wavelengths emitted from the said screen in given time intervals, characterized in that emission of at least one of said wavelengths is produced by a phosphor portion of the said screen, in which radiation from the said laser is polarized, in which modulation means is provided for modulating such polarization, and in which the said modulated radiation is made incident on a selected means which transmits primarily only one polarized portion of the said radiation to a phosphor portion of said screen while reflecting at least a portion of the remainder of the modulated radiation.

2. System of claim l in which at least one of the said wavelengths emitted by the said screen is reflected emission from the said coherent light source.

3. A system of claim 1 in which the said screen includes a phosphor portion which consists essentially of an organic colorant.

4. System of claim 3 in which the said colorant contains at least one fluorescent organic component selected from the group consisting of coumarin, xanthene, acridine, Rhodamine naphthalimide, azine, thiazine, type compounds.

5. System of claim 4 in which the said component is selected from the group consisting of pyrelene, 7-diethylamino 4- methyl coumarin, Rhodamine B, Rhodamine 6G, acridine, 4- amino 1,8-naphthal p-xenylimide.

6. System of claim l in which the means for selecting is displacement sensitive and in which only selected portions of the said screen comprise a phosphor emitting at one of the said wavelengths.

7. System of claim l in which the said selection means is polarization sensitive.

8. System of claim 7 in which the said polarization is essentially plane polarization.

9. System of claim 8 in which the screen includes portions which are plane polarizing and in which some of the said plane-polarizing portions overlay at least some phosphor portions.

10. System of claim 9 in which the emission from said coherent light source is plane polarized prior to becoming incident upon the said screen.

1 ll. System of claim 8 in which the said polarization is circular polarization.

112. System of claim 1 31 in which selection results from use of a screen surface portion consisting essentially of liquid crystals.

13. System of claim 112 in which the said liquid crystals are cholestoiic.

lid. System of claim E2 in which the emission from the said coherent light source is circularly polarized.

l5. System of claim l in which the said coherent light source includes a cadmium-helium laser emitting at 4,416 A.

116. System of claim ll includes at least one acousto-optic element.

117. System of claim l in which said phosphor consists essentially of at least one composition selected from the group consisting of h/ii 'i zRi zM o-l, MHFUMHIRIMMOJ, us O4R3M3+5O12, 'Oi MH'ROZ, M RUgM /;3O3, RM5+ R;Q], aHd"'substitutions of R' or R'plus M aims/n+0 or M Q; in which M is W, Mo, S, Se, Te, M is Nb, Ta, V, P, As, Sh, M is Si, Ge, Ti, Zr, l-lf, Sn, M is B, Al, Ga, Sc, in, Bi, M is Pb, Ba, Sr, Ca, Cd, M is Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Tl, Z is F, Cl, Br, I, and Q is S, Se, Te; in which R is Th+iiu with or without Bi, La, Ce, Gd, Lu, Y, in, Sc; and in which from 5 to 99.9 ion percent of the 1R ions is "lb and fiom 0.1 to 50 ion percent of the R ions is Er.

11S. System of claim 117 in which said third means consists essentially of M d ,R M 0 in which M is Li and Na, M is W and Mo, and R contains Tb+lEu.

i9. System of claim 18 in which the said third means con- 20. Visual display including at least one source of coherent electromagnetic radiation emitting at at least one wavelength, a screen provided with means for emitting at least two different visible wavelengths of light, means for displacing emission from a said coherent source so as to make its output incident upon different portions of the said screen, and means for altering the relative amounts of the said two wavelengths emitted from the said screen in given time intervals, characterized in that emission of at least one of the said wavelengths is produced by a phosphor portion of the said screen, in which the said coherent light source includes an argon-ion laser which emits at 4,880 A., in which the said laser which additionally emits at a wavelength of about 5,145 A., in which the said screen is adapted for scattering at least a portion of the radiation produced by the said laser, in which the said screen includes phosphorescent portions for converting at least a portion of radiation at the said wavelength of about 4,880 A. to red light, in which the said portions form regularly spaced parallel bands, and in which the said 4,880 A. radiation from the said laser is polarized, in which the polarization is modulated by a polarization means, and in which the so modulated radiation is transmitted through a deflection means which is polarization independent.

211. System of claim 20 in which the said modulating means is an electro-optic modulator.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERllFlCAlE OF CCRRECTION Patent No. 3,652,956 Dated March 28, 1972 ln n fl D. A. Pinnow and L. G. Van Uitert It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

Column 1, line 60, change "Zn Cd to read Zn Cd S-.

Column l, line 26, change "transmitter" to read transmitted-.

M 1/23 to read M O Column 6, line 61, change change line 66, change Signed and sealed this 1st day of August 1972e (SEAL) Attes t:

EDWARD MQFLETCHBJRJRQ ROBERT GOTTSCHALK Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patents FORM 90-1050 (10-69) USCOMM-DC 603184 69 u.s covzrmm'm vnmrmu o ncr n69 0-in-3):

UNITED sTATEs PATENT OFFICE CERTlFlCATE 01F CCRRECTION Patent No. 3,652,956 Dated March 28, 1972 Inv n fl D, A, Pinnow and L. G. Van Uitert It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

Column 1, line 60, change "Zn Cd to read Zn Cd S--.

Column l, line '26, change "transmitter" to read -transmitted.

L 6+ 6+ Column 6, line 61, change M to read M O H H. change 12 A to --R M 0 5+ line 66, change "M 1/23 to read M O Signed and sealed this 1st day of August 1972.

(SEAL) A'ttest:

EDWARD M.FLETCHER ,JR. ROBERT GOI'TSCHALK Attesting'offioer Commissioner of Patents FORM PO-IOSO (10-69) USCOMM-DC 60310-1 69 n u.s sovzmmruv "mums o flccmu o-lu-Jn 

1. Visual display including at least one source of coherent electromagnEtic radiation emitting at at least one wavelength, a screen provided with means for emitting at least two different visible wavelengths of light, means for displacing emission from a said coherent source so as to make its output incident upon different portions of the said screen, and means for altering the relative amounts of the said two wavelengths emitted from the said screen in given time intervals, characterized in that emission of at least one of the said wavelengths is produced by a phosphor portion of the said screen, in which radiation from the said laser is polarized, in which modulation means is provided for modulating such polarization, and in which the said modulated radiation is made incident on a selected means which transmits primarily only one polarized portion of the said radiation to a phosphor portion of said screen while reflecting at least a portion of the remainder of the modulated radiation.
 2. System of claim 1 in which at least one of the said wavelengths emitted by the said screen is reflected emission from the said coherent light source.
 3. A system of claim 1 in which the said screen includes a phosphor portion which consists essentially of an organic colorant.
 4. System of claim 3 in which the said colorant contains at least one fluorescent organic component selected from the group consisting of coumarin, xanthene, acridine, Rhodamine naphthalimide, azine, thiazine, type compounds.
 5. System of claim 4 in which the said component is selected from the group consisting of pyrelene, 7-diethylamino 4-methyl coumarin, Rhodamine B, Rhodamine 6G, acridine, 4-amino 1,8-naphthal p-xenylimide.
 6. System of claim 1 in which the means for selecting is displacement sensitive and in which only selected portions of the said screen comprise a phosphor emitting at one of the said wavelengths.
 7. System of claim 1 in which the said selection means is polarization sensitive.
 8. System of claim 7 in which the said polarization is essentially plane polarization.
 9. System of claim 8 in which the screen includes portions which are plane polarizing and in which some of the said plane-polarizing portions overlay at least some phosphor portions.
 10. System of claim 9 in which the emission from said coherent light source is plane polarized prior to becoming incident upon the said screen.
 11. System of claim 8 in which the said polarization is circular polarization.
 12. System of claim 11 in which selection results from use of a screen surface portion consisting essentially of liquid crystals.
 13. System of claim 12 in which the said liquid crystals are cholestoric.
 14. System of claim 12 in which the emission from the said coherent light source is circularly polarized.
 15. System of claim 1 in which the said coherent light source includes a cadmium-helium laser emitting at 4,416 A.
 16. System of claim 1 includes at least one acousto-optic element.
 17. System of claim 1 in which said phosphor consists essentially of at least one composition selected from the group consisting of M1 1/2R1/2M6 O4, M2 1 2xM1 xRxM6 O4, R2/3M6 O4, R3M3 5O12, RM3 O3, M1 RO2, M2 R1/2M5 1/2O3,RM5 O4, R2M4 O5, R2M4 2O7, RZ3, ROZ, R3OZ7, R2O3, R2O2Q, R2Q3, and substitutions of R or R plus M1 into M2 O or M2Q; in which M6 is W, Mo, S, Se, Te, M5 is Nb, Ta, V, P, As, Sb, M4 is Si, Ge, Ti, Zr, Hf, Sn, M3 is B, Al, Ga, Sc, In, Bi, M2 is Pb, Ba, Sr, Ca, Cd, M1 is Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Tl, Z is F, Cl, Br, I, and Q is S, Se, Te; in which R is Tb+Eu with or without Bi, La, Ce, Gd, Lu, Y, In, Sc; and in which from 5 to 99.9 ion percent of the R ions is Tb and from 0.1 to 50 ion percent of the R ions is Er.
 18. System of claim 17 in which said third means consists essentially of M1 0.5 xR0.5 x/3M6 O4 in which M1 is Li and Na, M6 is W and Mo, and R contains Tb+Eu.
 19. System of claim 18 in which the said third means consists essentially of Li0.5Tb0.5 xEuxWO4.
 20. Visual display including at least one source of coherent electromagnetic radiation emitting at at least one wavelength, a screen provided with means for emitting at least two different visible wavelengths of light, means for displacing emission from a said coherent source so as to make its output incident upon different portions of the said screen, and means for altering the relative amounts of the said two wavelengths emitted from the said screen in given time intervals, characterized in that emission of at least one of the said wavelengths is produced by a phosphor portion of the said screen, in which the said coherent light source includes an argon-ion laser which emits at 4,880 A., in which the said laser additionally emits at a wavelength of about 5,145 A., in which the said screen is adapted for scattering at least a portion of the radiation produced by the said laser, in which the said screen includes phosphorescent portions for converting at least a portion of radiation at the said wavelength of about 4,880 A. to red light, in which the said portions form regularly spaced parallel bands, and in which the said 4,880 A. radiation from the said laser is polarized, in which the polarization is modulated by a polarization means, and in which the so modulated radiation is transmitted through a deflection means which is polarization independent.
 21. System of claim 20 in which the said modulating means is an electro-optic modulator. 